We were about to journey into the dark heart of Cambodia. With this, I
mean the dark, haunted past of Cambodia. For this I had to brace myself
mentally. This was not the ancient past to be studied in the the annals of
history. The atrocities committed weren't done to, and by, generations which
have already come and gone. The purges—the genocide—had happened only 30-35
years before. Survivors, even murderers (many of them having been children at
that time) were still alive. The wounds, though largely healed, still remain.
Chris has a soft spot in his heart for the Cambodian people. He's
well-schooled on the complexities of their country. He's read books and has dug
deeper into the causes and effects of the Khmer Rouge under the leadership of
Pol Pot. "The Killing Fields" is his favorite film, as it had a
profound impact on him from a young age. For anyone who hasn't seen it,
"The Killing Fields" is a film (adapted from a book of the same
title) about two journalists (one American and one Cambodian) who were working
together in Phnom Penh when the Khmer Rouge took over. Though some parts can be
hard to stomach, I challenge anyone to watch that last scene without shedding a
tear as Sydney Shanberg and Dith Pran embrace. It's definitely a film worth
watching.
I have to admit that Southeast Asian history is not my forte. Not by a
long-shot. In fact, I'm heavily relying on Wikipedia to double-check my info as
I write this. In an attempt to offer a simplified version of Khmer Rouge
history—here goes. The Khmer Rouge was a party formed in 1968. Though it has
been in existence as recently as 1996 (which is hard to believe) it was the
ruling-party of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, the time period of the Killing
Fields—purges, ethnic cleansing, and mass executions. Ruled by Pol Pot, and
driven by Marxist ideology, the Khmer Rouge sought to turn Cambodia into an
agrarian society. Civilians were removed from cities and put into agricultural
communes. Purging their country of anything modern, cities were gone, as well
as schools and hospitals. Anything that was deemed foreign was eradicated.
Foreign correspondents were driven out of the country, though Cambodian natives
were not allowed the option to leave. Those of Vietnamese and Chinese ancestry
were targeted for execution in an attempt to "purge" all foreign
influence. Intellectuals were seen as the enemy. Anyone with an education was
as a threat to the revolution and thus must be exterminated. Even the wearing of
eye-glasses was seen as "bourgeois" and anyone wearing them risked
being killed. The Khmer Rouge went so far to change the calendar to "Year
Zero." Just like any totalitarian regime, they were delusional to think
that their country could withstand such extreme measures for the
"betterment" of society. By end of their reign, over 2 million people
had been killed. Many died due to starvation, disease and overwork. It is
estimated that half of those who died were murdered. Mass graves are found all
over Cambodia, telling of mass executions. Those sites are called the Killing
Fields, though I associate the genocide as a whole with that title.
That is some heavy stuff to contemplate on a snowy morning in Juneau.
Even writing this I'm taken to a dark place. The only consolation in all this
is that Cambodia is now a lovely place. The people, for the most part, have
made peace with this past. Just like when we visited Dachau, I believe that
it's important to visit these places, no matter tortured their history is. I
feel it's our obligation as citizens of this planet to learn both the good and
the bad side of human nature. We must learn the bad in order to recognize it
and fight it in society.
With this in mind, we headed to Phnom Penh.
GI Jane
A tropical storm had whipped up and was flooding the city streets. We
stepped off the bus and into several inches of water. The tuk tuks were lined
up and ready for us. A driver grabbed my bag and without much discussion, we
were on our way. To where? We weren't entirely sure.
Our first impression of Phnom Penh was chaos. Perhaps it was because of
the rain which was coming down in buckloads. Thankfully the tuk tuk had a
canvas rain cover. We couldn't see much, though we could look through a tiny
flap in the side. Traffic was insane, and being stuck in a tiny little tuk tuk
was somewhat unsettling, especially with our driver who seemed to be drunk, or
inexperienced, or both. He almost crashed us several times. It was probably
good that we couldn't see much.
We came to a tourist strip, judging by the billboards for guesthouses
and beer. Hadn't we seen this a million times before? We figured this was as
good as we were going to get so we paid up and grabbed our bags. Our room was
clean and adequate, located on the second floor with windows looking out onto
the lobby. We would be staying here for several nights.
Right away we reserved a tour to see the Killing Fields. Though there
were around 20,000 mass graves found in Cambodia, the one at Choueng Ek,
located 11 miles outside of the city, is the one from which the name "The
Killing Fields" is derived. Close to 9,000 bodies were exhumed at this
site, most of them prisoners from the nearby Tuol Sleng prison. We signed up to
visit the prison as well. There was another stop on this tour that we didn't
necessarily want to take, and that was a shooting range. It was part of the
tour package, and we didn't know what we were going to do about it. Chris had
passed on the opportunity to shoot an AK-47 when he had come this way before. I
didn't know how to feel. I’d never shot a gun. How did I feel about guns? Not
too great. I'm not exactly what you would call a gun-enthusiast. Still, the
idea of shooting an AK-47—I had to think about it.
The tuk tuk met us the following morning. We were taken down the
dustiest, most chaotic roads we had encountered in all of Asia. This was the
Asia I had envisioned, with truckloads of chicken cages and families on
motorscooters and tuk tuks galore. There were no lanes, rather there were
rivers of traffic within rivers of traffic. It was a gorgeous ballet of dirt
and humanity, moving against each other, then with each other, and in spite of
each other. It was beautiful, despite the cacophony.
Like a chewed-up wad of gum, our tuk tuk got spat out onto a more
modern highway. We began to cruise along, and the breeze felt awesome. We
passed another tuk tuk sporting two completely knocked out Western girls. One
had beautiful, long hair which was splayed everywhere. I dubbed her
"Sleeping Beauty." Our tuk tuk driver shared words with the other
driver. They were both laughing. "Too much to drink!" he shouted back
to us in English. And where were they heading? Oh yeah, the shooting range.
Great, two girls who were sleeping off a hangover were being taken to shoot
guns. Perfect.
We could hear the gunfire from the parking lot. Already I was nervous.
It was gunshots in rapid succession that really got my heart pitter-pattering.
How many atrocities had been committed with these semi-automatic rifles? I can
only associate that sound with the mowing down of human beings. Weapons
designed to take out as many lives as possible should not be something
desirable to hold.
Still...
Upon entering the indoor range, we were offered a menu of death. We
could launch hand grenades. We could fire rockets. We rubbed our chins,
contemplating our options. Well, there was only one option for us, the one
everyone came for. The AK-47.
I was more into it that Chris. I'm all about new experiences. Shoot a
gun—I could cross that off my bucket list (easier than skydiving). The cost was
quite high so Chris and I decided to share 30 rounds.
We had to wait for a range to open. The POP-POP-POP was echoing
throughout the concrete building. I could imagine frenzied screams to accompany
the rapid-fire shooting. Maybe it's because of the movies I've watched. Maybe
it's because of the events I've watched unfold on TV—war footage, school
shootings, terrorist training camps. A part of me really despises these death
machines, the glamorization of them, especially being so close to the Killing
Fields.
Still...
There was a photo opt, to hold rifles and pistols and pose like a
bad-ass. Chris wanted no part of it. However, I played around with the idea of
being GI Jane. A helmet, pistols, and a round of ammo draped around my neck—I
looked like the poster girl for the NRA, which is funny really, as I despise
anything that image conveys.
Still...
I think I looked hot. In my tight tank top and hiking boots—hell yeah,
I was GI Jane. Sort of. The guns were heavy and impressive. So much power to be
wielded. I can see (though not support) why so many people love their precious
guns. Power. That feeling that nobody can mess with you.
A range opened up and our turn came. Chris went first. He wasn't
enjoying this experience at all. With his shaky hands he didn't do too well. I
stood taking pictures, trying to capture the perfect shot. At one point I took
my earmuffs to tell Chris was a stud he was. I then forgot to put them back on,
and POP-POP-POP—it was too late. Great, more hearing damage to my already
damaged ears. What the hell, I was blind in one eye, I may as well be deaf too.
It became my turn. I had fifteen rounds. The two instructors set me up,
making sure that the gun was against my shoulder and wouldn't recoil into my
face. They told me, "Fast fast" as that was supposedly the best way.
But I wanted to do well. Years of Duck Hunt on my Nintendo had prepared me for
this moment. I fired off a few rounds. It looked like I had hit my target. The
instructors said I had done good. Indeed, I felt pretty on-point. A natural. I
did what the instructors recommended and fired off a few rounds in a row, this
is where the POP-POP-POP noise, the sound of lunatic shooting, comes from. It
was satisfying, I'll give you that, the feeling of shots being fired in rapid
succession. But 15 rounds go by really fast when shooting in that manner and
before I knew it, my time was up.
It was an interesting experience. I wouldn't say I regret doing it.
Semi-automatic weapons will never be something I stand for, despite what the GI
Jane photos say. But for what it was worth, it was memorable. To have something
so powerful in your hands, even for a moment, is quite amazing.
Faces with the Numbers
After being revved up from shooting guns, we were brought to the
Killing Fields. It felt wrong, but this was our tour itinerary. Perhaps they
found if tourists visited the Killing Fields first, nobody would want to shoot
guns afterwards.
Choueng Ek is actually a peaceful site. It used to be an orchard, and indeed,
there are still many lovely trees there. It is now a memorial, with a Buddhist
stupa erected in the middle, with rows upon rows of skulls. We were left to
wander around, though we were set up with an audio, self-guided tour. This was
a nice way to do it, so we could take our time and absorb the info as we went.
The site is sizable with paths that lead off into groves of trees. The sun was
shining and the birds were singing. It was hard to picture this as a scene of
terror, but the marked pits were enough to stop us from enjoying our day. These
pits had been the mass graves for victims of the Khmer Rouge. Just looking over
my pictures now I see a pit where they had exhumed 166 bodies without heads. We
found out on our audio guide that the weapons were quite rudimentary (bullets
were too costly). They would decapitate victims with blunt, rusty objects, even
using sharp bark from a tree. It was no swift death for the enemies of the
revolution. Also, we found that child soldiers were used as the executioners.
This is hard to fathom, but brain-washing of children in such regimes is not
uncommon.
Not all the pits were marked and fenced off. As we made our way across fields,
we'd find signs saying "Please Don't Walk Through the Mass Grave!"
Though they excavated most of the bodies, some are still showing up. After
heavy rains, some bones or bone fragments still find their way to the surface.
As if these things were not horrifying enough, we found that enemies of the
revolution included children and even babies. There was a fenced-off site with
a giant tree called The Killing Tree. Here is where soldiers would smash the
heads of babies against the tree trunk. It makes no sense, but perhaps in the
demented minds of the Khmer Rouge, children could grow to be enemies, just like
their parents. Better to weed them out. It boggles the mind how a government
could turn against their own people in such a manner. Were they trying to lower
the population of Cambodia? All in all, about a fifth of the populace was
killed by the Khmer Rouge, making it one of the worst genocides of the 21st
century.
The stupa was open so we walked through. There were seventeen floors of skulls,
neatly placed on shelves, to observe. Some of the skulls were cracked, some
shattered, and some very small. We tried to honor each one as we walked
through.
All this death—and for what? It's easy to ask that question when visiting any
memorial. I can only hope that as humankind progresses, we can put atrocities
like these behind us. I also hope that we can do all we can to recognize the
evil that exists in society—paranoia, xenophobia, fundamentalism, intolerance,
bigotry... the list goes on. We should do all we can to avoid such senseless,
pointless hate.
A lady was selling flowers outside the stupa. Chris and I each bought one and
laid it with other flowers in front of the memorial. Despite the stories we had
heard, there was a sense of peace at Choueng Ek. Hopefully the Cambodians have
made peace with this past. It's encouraging to know that the government urges
its citizens to visit The Killing Fields. The adage "Those who do not
remember the past are condemned to repeat it" rings true.
Perhaps a more haunting site is that of Toul Sleng Prison, also known as S-21, now
a Genocide Museum. Consisting of cement buildings, it used to be a high school.
Of course the Khmer Rouge shut down schools, so it's only fitting that they had
turned this one into a detention center where they imprisoned and tortured
their "enemies." Toul Sleng means "Hill of Poisonous
Trees," and indeed, it does leave a poisonous taste in one’s mouth. As
many as 20,000 inmates had been imprisoned here and had been sent to the
Killing Fields. As we walked around the premises, we found out who these
prisoners were, their black-and-white photos lined up on the walls for us view.
As many women as men had been imprisoned, young and old alike. Some of the
women even had babies in their arms. All have a haunted look in their eye.
Torture and interrogation had been commonplace at Toul Sleng. Waterboarding was
practiced, as well as The Gallows, where inmates had their hands tied behind
their backs and hung from a rope. If they lost consciousness, their heads were
dipped into a jar of filthy water which would momentarily revive them. These
methods were used for interrogation so that the "enemies" could name
family members or other such enemies of the revolution.
The prison has been left as it was found in 1979. Because of this there is
definitely a haunted feel to the place. All those eyes staring out—you want to
look at each face in each picture to do them justice, to remember each one. Out
of the 20,000 inmates at Toul Sleng, only 12 survived, which means that each
face we looked at was now most likely that of someone murdered. By sharing
their stories, by memorializing them with their faces, there is some solace in
knowing that these victims will not be forgotten.
On the Lighter Side
Alright, I can crawl out of that dark place now. Even writing this it's been
somewhat of a dark journey. But it's good to be reminded of these things. It's
easy to forget them in every day life. How petty our problems are. I need to
gain perspective when I'm stressed in traffic or or having trouble with a paper
for school and ask myself—is it really so bad? And the answer is always,
always: No, it's not so bad. So shut up and quit complaining.
Back in our tourist haven of bars and guesthouses, we shook off some the
horrors from that day in Sharky's, an American sports bar. Well, a sports bar
with a twist. I immediately felt at home walking into the upstairs bar as I
used to frequent sports bars quite a bit back in the day. In fact, being away
from America for so long (don't forget that I lived in Britain for three years
before this sojourn around the world) to see neon Budweiser signs and to hear
classic rock blasting was so nostalgic I could have cried. Except for the
Cambodian prostitutes and old fat white guys. That part was kind of icky. But
the drinks were good—so good that we stayed for a few and even ordered loaded
potato skins. Our entertainment was sussing the dynamic of each couple sat
around the bar. Though the hot young girls were laughing and flirting, as soon
as their date looked away or went to the bathroom, they truly look disgusted.
Chris had come to Sharky's on a previous trip with an ex-girlfriend and had
been propositioned by a prostitute when his then-girlfriend had gone to the
bathroom. It didn't happen this time around. Perhaps Chris and I looked too
much like the married couple.
The next day we decided to head down to the Royal Palace. The tuk tuk drivers
were persistent. According to them, legs and feet weren't meant for walking.
Why would anyone want to walk when you could take a nice tuk tuk? We broke so
many hearts in Phnom Penh, and in Asia in general, when we decided to walk
somewhere.
The walk was exceptional. As our guesthouse was only a few blocks from the
Sonle Tap River, we naturally headed that way. There was a riverwalk with all
kinds of activity. To my delight, a group of locals had gathered to do aerobics
on the waterfront. They were lined up and moving in sync. I wasn't sure who was
leading them, but they were doing quite simple exercises. I joined them for a
bit, hopping and skipping and waving my arms. Nobody seemed to mind me, though
I skidaddled after awhile. I wasn't sure if it cost money to join the group. I
thought it was a good idea, to get everyone to come together to exercise. And
in such a pretty setting. I wish America would do things like this (or do
they?)
The Royal Palace—I couldn't tell you a thing about it, other than we couldn't
get in. We stood in line in the heat only to find that my wrap was not enough
to keep me modest for such a site. They insisted I buy a tourist t-shirt.
Having seen too many temples to count on our journey thus far, we weren't ready
to buy a t-shirt just to see another one. So we got our tickets refunded and
headed down to the waterfront once more.
Chris had wanted to visit the Foreign Correspondents Club, or FCC, which is a
restaurant/bar located on the third floor of a gorgeous colonial building. With
high ceilings with swirling fans and an open veranda which looks over the
river, it is breezy, airy and comfortable. As soon as we sat down and ordered
our overpriced drinks, we knew we'd be there all afternoon.
The FCC was like a mecca to us. Chris, of course, associated it with the
journalists who had gathered here during the Vietnam War, swapping stories
while smoking and sipping gin & tonics. The place did have a certain flare
to it; you could envision the important groups of people gathered here. It
reminded me of the time we visited Rick's Cafe in Casablanca. Chris and I had
sat at the bar in that iconic room, drinking ridiculously overpriced drinks in
order to be part of the scene, but the experience was well worth the price.
Especially when the barman is a professional and treats you like a VIP.
Priceless.
So we sat there at leisure and watched as a storm moved in over the great swath
of water where the Sonle Tap meets the Mekong. Traffic honked and hummed below
us. It was like being in the peaceful eye of a storm. The FCC rates as my
favorite place in Phnom Penh. I would love to revisit it some day.
We secured our Vietnamese visas and our bus trip to Ho Chi Minh City. Once
again, everything was falling into place. All that was left to do in Phnom Penh
was to sit and drink and pass the hours. Thankfully the bars in our section of
the city were outdoors and great for people watching (there were also some very
seedy bars, named Horny Bar and such, but we steered clear of those). As we sat
outdoors, hawkers would come around and try to tell us stuff. One caught our
attention with a stack of books. Yes, these were bootlegged copies of famous
novels (meaning they were copied, not printed), which was probably illegal, but
dirt cheap just the same. We replenished our supply of paperbacks for the next
part of our journey. One of those books we purchased was, of course, “The
Killing Fields.”
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